Introduction: The genus of oat contains several species often infesting both wheat and barley fields all over the world. They compete tightly with these crops for space, water, nutrients, and light. Due to a continuous high selection pressure, herbicide resistance to ACCase inhibitors developed in wild oat populations. Accordingly, these observations approved the necessity of replacement of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides with other herbicide modes of action. The sulfonylurea herbicides were assessed as good alternatives for this purpose. Due to sulfonylurea herbicides ability to control a broad spectrum of grass and broad-leaved weeds, combined with their low application rate and low mammalian toxicity. The efficacy of herbicides can be enhanced using surfactants (1 and 18).

The first part of this two-part essay focused on Zarathustra's special position as the first founder of a religion. In this essay it is shown that through the work of Zarathustra polytheism was replaced by a radical monotheism. Zarathustra's work transformed a ritual religion into a book religion based on the Avesta. At the center of this is Ahuramazda, with whom the prophet and founder of the religion cultivated an almost friendly relationship through revelations. In addition, Zarathustra develops a new eschatology with a clear separation of a positive afterlife on the one hand and a concept of hell on the other. Man's actions in this world are the basis for how his post-mortem fate is judged in the afterlife. In addition, the essay looks at the conditions that make such a pronounced monotheism possible in the first place, as well as the dark sides that monotheism entails. Finally, Zarathustra is defined as the one who-alongside Akhenaten in Ancient Egypt-created this monotheistic variant for the first time and completely without foreign influence, which then even found its way into Islam via Judaism and Christianity. Der Zoroastrismus als prononcierter Monotheismus Im ersten Teil dieses zweiteiligen Aufsatzes wurde Zarathustras Sonderstellung als erster Religionsstifter in den Fokus genommen. In diesem Aufsatz wird gezeigt, dass durch das Wirken von Zarathustra der Polytheismus abgelöst wurde zugunsten eines radikalen Monotheismus. Aus einer Ritualreligion wurde durch das Wirken von Zarathustra eine Buchreligion auf der Basis des Avesta. Im Zentrum dieser steht Ahuramazda, mit dem der Prophet und Religionsstifter durch Offenbarungen ein fast freundschaftliches Verhältnis pflegt. Darüber hinaus entwickelt Zarathustra eine neue Eschatologie mit der klaren Trennung von positiv besetztem Jenseits auf der einen und einer Höllenvorstellung auf der anderen Seite. Das menschliche Handeln im Diesseits ist die Grundlage dafür, wie über sein postmortales Schicksal im Jenseitsgericht befunden wird. Darüber hinaus werden im Aufsatz die Bedingungen in den Blick genommen, die einen solchen prononcierten Monotheismus erst ermöglichen sowie die Schattenseiten, die ein Monotheismus mit sich bringt. Zarathustra wird schließlich als der definiert, der – neben Echnaton im Alten Ägypten – erstmalig und völlig ohne fremden Einfluss diese monotheistische Spielart kreierte, die dann über das Judentum und Christentum sogar Eingang in den Islam fand. Schlagwörter: Monotheismus, Zarathustra, Iran, Avesta, Ahuramazda, Religionsvergleich

GERMAN: Fundamentalismus ist in wenigen Jahrzehnten eines der groß en Schlagwor-te unserer Gegenwart geworden. Dass sich nur Einige ernsthaft Gedanken ü ber seine Tragweite und Grenzen machen, ist deshalb nicht unbedenklich, weil die Rede vom › Fundamentalismus‹ zu einer Kampfparole in der geisti-gen und gesellschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung geworden ist. Sie enthä lt Vorwü rfe wie Rü ckfall hinter die Moderne, Wissenschafts-und Vernunft-feindschaft, moralischer Rigorismus, Intoleranz gegenü ber Andersdenken-den, Militanz bei der Durchsetzung von Zielen und Flucht ins Radikale. Zudem besteht offensichtlich eine fast unausweichliche Tendenz, religiö se wie politische Strö mungen unserer Gegenwart unter diesem gemeinsamen Nenner › Fundamentalismus‹ zusammenzufassen.

This research was conducted to study the relative fitness of wild mustard biotypes of Khoozestan, Golestan and Kermanshah provinces that are resistant to Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) Inhibitors. Green-house experiments were conducted in two parts. In the first part, plant dry matter, leaf area and plant height change of resistant and susceptible biotypes of each province were compared under no competition with wheat condition. In the second part, growth ability of resistant and susceptible biotypes of each province, growth ability and yield of wheat were studied under competition conditions. According to the results, resistant biotype Ker-2 had significantly higher than susceptible biotype Ker-1, but there was no significant difference between them on the point of final height and dry weight per plant. Resistant biotypes of Golestan and Khoozestan (Kh5 & G3) were lower than susceptible biotypes of these provinces (Kh3 & G9) on the point of mentioned three criteria, significantly under competition with wheat condition. Resistant biotypes of Ker-2 and susceptible biotypes of Ker-1 had no significant difference on the point of ability of competition with wheat. Relative interference index of the two biotypes of Kermanshah were not significantly, different. Finally, difference of growth and yield of wheat were not significant in competition with these two biotypes. According to the results of Golestan and Khoozestan, susceptible biotypes of them (Kh3 & G9) had significantly higher growth and interference index than resistant biotypes (Kh5 & G3) in competition with wheat. Also, wheat had higher grain growth and yield in competition with resistant biotypes rather than susceptible biotypes. Finaly, results showed that among the three resistant biotypes, only Ker-2 had the same competition and growth ability to susceptible biotypes. Therefor it, could disperse rapidly and make high interference due to its resistance to ALS inhibitors.

ALS is a progressive degenerative fatal disorder of motor neuron. In this, research course of functional disability and possible underlyingfactors affecting disability were studied. First 59 patients with definte ALS were selected and for each patient ALSFRS (ALS functional rating Scale) was determined at Initial and the end of a six month peroid. During this period 9 patients expired. Bulbar onset localization showed a more rapid course than non-bulbar onset group. There was no meaningful relationship between the age group or gender with progression of disability.In expired group, mean survival in bulbar onset and older patients were significantly less than those with non-bulbar onset and younger ones. There was no meaningful relationship between survival and gender.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most common fatal motor neuron disease characterized by involvement of the combination of upper (UMNs) and lower (LMNs) motor neurons. The degeneration of LMNs and UMNs leads rapidly to progressive muscle atrophy and paralysis, dysphagia, dysarthria, fasciculations, muscle cramps, and finally death due to respiratory failure. ALS is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease,its age at onset (AAO) is usually 50-60 years. However, AAO of the disease is variable (1-94 years old). Mean survival of patients with ALS has been reported as 3-5 years from the disease onset. However, 10-20% of patients survive more than 10 years. The incidence and prevalence of ALS in the European population is 1–, 2 and 2-7 people per 100, 000, respectively. Due to the great clinical variability in ALS manifestations, the diagnosis of ALS can be challenging. Thus, the El Escorial criteria were developed based on clinical data to ALS diagnosis. ALS can be categorized into different forms: a) It can be classified into familial and sporadic based on the presence and absence of other patients in the family. Most ALS cases are sporadic (SALS) and only about 1-13% of ALS cases are familial (FALS). b) It can be sub-grouped based on the mode of inheritance of the disease,autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, mitochondrial or de novo. c) ALS can be categorized based on the age at onset of the disease: juvenile ALS,age at onset below 25 years, and adult ALS,the onset age is over 25 years old-usually the onset age of the disease is over 45 years old. d) ALS can be classified based on the locus and gene involved in the development of the disease. To date, more than 40 ALS-causative genes have been identified. These loci are only responsible for about two-thirds of FALS and about 10% of SALS. Molecular analyses of the known ALS genes have demonstrated that their encoded proteins are involved in several physiological pathways, including, oxidative stress, axonal transport, autophagy, proteins folding, glutamate excitotoxicity, RNA metabolism and involvement of non-neuronal cells (microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes). Among the ALS-causative known genes, five genes including SOD1, C9orf72, TARDBP, FUS/TLS and TBK1 seem to more important and account for about 15% of all ALS patients. Meanwhile, mutations of SOD1 and C9orf72 genes are detected in a significant percent of patients. Superoxide dismutase 1 gene-SOD1-is the first gene identified for ALS disease. Mutations of this gene have been observed in 20% (12-23%) of FALS cases and about 3% (1-7%) of SALS patients. The repetitive sequence of six nucleotides (GGGGCC,G4C2)n in intron 1 of the C9orf72 gene was also associated with ALS. The number of G4C2 repeats in healthy people is less than 23, while in affected individuals, the number of these repetitions was more than 23 and up to 1500 and even more. The dynamics of such repetitions in this gene may be an explanation for the phenotypic variability and different penetrance of the disease in these families. The cause of most ALS cases is not yet known, but it is certain that several cellular functions are disturbed in the motor neurons of these patients, which can probably lead to the degeneration of these neurons. It is clear that most of the genes responsible for ALS do not exclusively play a role in the development of this disease, and mutations in these genes are not only involved in the development of ALS, but also can result in the occurrence of other neurodegenerative disorders like frontotemporal dementia (FTD), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), Parkinson disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, ataxia, corticobasal syndrome, and Huntington disease-like syndrome. So, understanding the pathogenesis of ALS is essential in developing diagnostic methods and providing new effective treatments in the clinical trials. Here, we reviewed the clinical, epidemiologic and genetic of ALS and briefly explained those in Iran. Our results showed (a) the average incidence and prevalence of ALS were 0. 42/100 000, and 1. 57/100 000, respectively. (b) In contrast to European countries, mutations of SOD1 are the common cause of ALS in Iranian FALS patients,they are causative in approximately 30% of the FALS cases but mutations of C9orf72 are rare. (c) A significant difference in disease progression rate is observed between patients who used riluzole and those who did not.